Use of an INLA Latent Gaussian Modeling Approach to Assess Bird Population Changes Due to the Development of Offshore Wind Farms
نویسندگان
چکیده
The utilization of marine renewable energies such as offshore wind farming leads to globally expanding human activities in habitats. While knowledge on the responses farms and associated shipping traffic is accumulating now at a fast pace, it becomes important assess population impacts species affected by those activities. In North Sea, protected diver Red-throated Diver ( Gavia stellata ) Black-throated arctica widely avoid farms. We used an explicit spatio-temporal Bayesian model get robust estimate during spring season between 2001 2018, based set aerial surveys from long-term monitoring programs within German Sea. Despite erection 20 study area marked divers farms, results indicated that there was no decline, overall numbers fluctuated around 16,600 individuals, with average annual 95% CI ranging 13,400 21,360 individuals. Although, avoidance behavior due farm development led more narrowly focused spatial distribution birds centered persistent high concentration zone Eastern Bight Special Protection Area, provide indication negative fitness consequences these long-lived species. However, research needed habitat use food availability this regard.
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ژورنال
عنوان ژورنال: Frontiers in Marine Science
سال: 2021
ISSN: ['2296-7745']
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2021.701332